Для чего необходимо учитывать снеговую нагрузку
При расчете фундамента
Прежде всего, снеговую нагрузку учитывают при расчете максимального веса всего дома. А масса дома, в свою очередь, необходима для того чтобы правильно рассчитать фундамент под дом.
Естественно, что снеговая нагрузка не на прямую воздействует на фундамент, а передается через стены дома, но не учитывать ее, при расчете фундамента, особенно на слабых грунтах – нельзя.
При расчете самой кровли
На кровлю снеговая нагрузка воздействует самым непосредственным образом, причем, если на фундамент она распределяется более или менее ровно, то угадать, где на крыше будет снега больше, а где меньше – сложно, так как это зависит от направления ветра, уклона скатов и многих других факторов.
Поэтому при расчете кровли, снеговая нагрузка должна учитываться как основное воздействие.
Как правильно рассчитать снеговую нагрузку на кровлю
Для полноценного расчета нам необходимо будет рассчитать площадь крыши частного дома. Как это делается – я рассказывал подробно в предыдущих статьях, поэтому останавливаться на этом не будем.
Итак, формула для расчета снеговой нагрузки Q на кровлю выглядит следующим образом:
Q = G * s, где
G – вес снежного покрытия на плоской кровле, который берется из таблицы (кг/м2)
s – поправочный коэффициент, зависящий от уклона кровли
Поправочный коэффициент s, как уже говорилось, зависит от уклона кровли:
- уклон менее 25 градусов – s принимается равным 1
- уклон 25 – 60 градусов – s будет равным 0,7
- уклон более 60 градусов – снеговая нагрузка вообще не учитывается, так как снег на такой кровле задерживаться практически не будет
А что же делать с G?
Вес снежного покрытия на плоской кровле можно найти с помощью таблицы и карты зоны снежного покрова на территории России:
Как видно из таблицы, масса снега на кровле, особенно в заснеженных районах России, может превышать вес самой кровли, поэтому не учитывать снежную нагрузку в зимний период нельзя не учитывать.
Реальный пример расчета снеговой нагрузки на кровлю
Давайте рассчитаем снеговую нагрузку на примере моего дома. Определим максимальный вес снега на 1 метр квадратный, а так же подсчитаем полную массу снега на кровле зимой, для расчета нагрузки на фундамент.
Итак, мой дом находится в районе РФ №3, поэтому Q возьмем равной 180 кг/м2.
Уклон кровли дома равен около 40 градусов, поэтому необходимо 180*0,7 = 126 кг/м2.
Таким образом максимально возможная снеговая нагрузка на кровлю моего дома равна 126 кг/м2.
Для расчета фундамента нам понадобится вся масса снега на кровле, а для этого необходимо сначала рассчитать площадь крыши дома. В моем случае, площадь кровли равна примерно 150 квадратных метров.
Полная нагрузка от снега зимой:
M = 126 * 150 = 18 900 кг
Таким образом, снег добавляет к общей массе дома еще 19 тонн. И как такую массу не учитывать?
ВНИМАНИЕ! При расчетах в строительстве всегда необходимо брать запас по прочности, поэтому полученные величины желательно еще умножать на 1,2.
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